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ISRO

Indian Space Research Organisation
भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन
ISRO Headquarters in Bangalore, India
Agency overview
AbbreviationISRO
Formed15 August 1969 (1969-08-15)
Preceding agency
TypeSpace agency
JurisdictionDepartment of Space
HeadquartersBangalore,Karnataka
13°2′7″N 77°34′16″E / 13.03528°N 77.57111°E / 13.03528; 77.57111
Sreedhara Somanath
Primary spaceports
OwnerGovernment of India
Employees19,247 (as on 1 March 2022)[1]
Annual budgetIncrease ₹13,042 crore (US$1.6 billion)[2]
Websitewww.isro.gov.in Edit this at Wikidata

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO[3] /ˈɪsroʊ/)[a] is the national space agency of India. It operates as the primary research and development arm of the Department of Space (DoS), which is directly overseen by the Prime Minister of India while the Chairman of ISRO also acts as the executive of DoS. ISRO is primarily responsible for performing tasks related to space-based operations, space exploration, international space cooperation and the development of related technologies.[4] ISRO is one of the six government space agencies in the world that possesses full launch capabilities, can deploy cryogenic engines, can launch extraterrestrial missions and operate a large fleet of artificial satellites.[5][6][b] ISRO is one of the four government space agencies to have soft landing (unmanned) capabilities.[7][c]

ISRO was previously known as the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), set up under Jawaharlal Nehru on the suggestions of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai in 1962 recognising the need for space research. INCOSPAR grew and became ISRO in 1969, within the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).[8] In 1972, the government of India set up a Space Commission and the DoS, bringing ISRO under it. The establishment of ISRO thus institutionalised space research activities in India.[9][10] It has since been managed by DoS, which also governs various other institutions in India in the domain of astronomy and space technology.[11]

ISRO built India's first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet space agency Interkosmos in 1975.[12] In 1980, ISRO launched satellite RS-1 onboard SLV-3, making India the seventh country to be capable of undertaking orbital launches. SLV-3 was followed by ASLV, which was subsequently succeeded by the development of many medium-lift launch vehicles, rocket engines, satellite systems and networks enabling the agency to launch hundreds of domestic and foreign satellites and various deep space missions for space exploration.

ISRO has the world's largest constellation of remote-sensing satellites and operates the GAGAN and IRNSS (NavIC) satellite navigation systems. It has sent three missions to the Moon and one to Mars.

ISRO's programmes have played a significant role in the socio-economic development of India and have supported both civilian and military domains in various aspects including disaster management, telemedicine and navigation and reconnaissance missions. ISRO's spin-off technologies also have founded many crucial innovations for India's engineering and medical industries.[13]

  1. ^ "Annual Report 2022-2023: 3.2 Human Resources" (PDF). Department of Space. p. 139. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2024.
  2. ^ name="indiatoday-20240201">"Budget 2024: Isro awarded with a boost, space gets Rs 13,042 crore outlay". India Today. Archived from the original on 19 February 2024.
  3. ^ P., Yogi. "Full form ISRO: Indian Space Research Organization". eduStudyNotes.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024.
  4. ^ "Indian Space Research Organisation". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  5. ^ Pulakkat, Hari (9 January 2014). "How ISRO developed the indigenous cryogenic engine". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Archived from the original on 5 November 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  6. ^ Harvey, Smid & Pirard 2011, pp. 144–.
  7. ^ Mashal, Mujib (24 August 2023). "India's Moon Landing Offers Blueprint For Other Countries Dreaming Big". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  8. ^ "Government of India Atomic Energy Commission | Department of Atomic Energy". 29 August 2019. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  9. ^ Bhargava & Chakrabarti 2003, pp. 39.
  10. ^ Sadeh 2013, pp. 303-.
  11. ^ "Department of Space and ISRO HQ – ISRO". Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  12. ^ "Aryabhata – ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  13. ^ "ISRO forms new commercial arm to exploit technology, launch satellites". The Hindu BusinessLine. New Delhi. 28 June 2019. Archived from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.


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